Westgate (actuator, vacuum regulator) is designed to protect the turbine from overload at high speeds. This is a valve that is installed in the exhaust manifold before the turbine. When the engine speed, and accordingly the pressure of exhaust gases and turns the turbine wheel increase, bypass valve is opened, through which gases pass by the turbine wheel.
Regulators.
All turbochargers can be divided into two types - low (0.20 bar) and high pressure (0.82 bar). The first ones can do without regulators. For example, on the motor Saab 95 V6 Ecopower Turbo 3,0 l volume it is set on low power, and therefore less “brooding” turbine Garrett. Interestingly, in order to achieve maximum pressure 0, 25 bar, it uses the energy of exhaust gases, only three of the six cylinders. At high speeds turbocharger cannot both be accelerating that provides low boost pressure. Electronically controlled valve in the turbine is immediately opened for every click on the gas pedal. This allows the turbine to immediately receive the necessary amount of exhaust gases in order to pump in more air in cylinders. As soon as the “air pump” spins, the flap goes back in position, corresponding to a given number of engine revolutions. As a result, this engine gives out maximum torque 310 Nm at 2100 rpm.
But this is exception from the rules. Usually, as the pressure regulators, in turbo engines it is used relief valves - mechanical or electronically controlled. The first ones are opened by overpressure of the air, the second have actuators - they are generally electromagnetic. The command “open/close” is given to the valve by engine ECU, based on information of an entire group of sensors: pressure in the intake manifold, detonation, air flow, etc.
Boost pressure is usually regulated by a valve system that bypasses the required amount of exhaust gases. Although there are models in which excess air is discharged directly under the hood that is not quite advantageous in terms of efficiency. However, the first method is not perfect. A considerable amount of exhaust gases does not perform any useful action. If it would be possible to combine two turbines in one! That one would be used for small engine speeds, while the other - for the maximum.
Performance of turbocharger depends on how the turbine is spinning. If the driver presses on the pedal of the gas, a lot of fuel is fed into the cylinders - the energy of exhaust gas is high and the compressor has enough strength to work. When the driver stops to push the pedal of gas, the turbine remains without power, and the compressor can go on strike when the driver presses again the “gas”. So it turns out that the engine in the mode of adding load smokes and falls into the “turbo hole”.
Then the turbine wheel is increased, and it would be unwind better by exhaust gases and no “holes” will be. But there is another danger: when the motor comes on normal mode, the compressor will pump too much air. To prevent these troubles, engineers use special mechanisms - regulators.
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